Effect of dietary and synthetic chelating agents on the intestinal absorption of lead

The effect of a number of dietary and synthetic chelating agents on the intestinal absorption of lead has been examined using the everted sac preparation and the tracer isotope ²⁰³Pb. All the agents examined increased lead transport into the serosal compartment. An explanation of the way in which these agents modify the model to describe lead transport is proposed.     

Statehouse Versus Greenhouse

Problem: In the absence of U.S. federal action to address the problem of climate change, a diverse array of nonfederal policy entrepreneurs and climate action planners has produced an impressive body of plans and policies to fight climate change at the regional, state, and local levels. Their actions are highly laudable, but have they actually reduced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions?

Purpose: This article evaluates the work of a group of innovative state-level policy entre-preneurs whose actions were chronicled by Barry Rabe, and a set of 29 state climate action plans systematically analyzed by Stephen Wheeler. It compares states with and without climate policy entrepreneurs and states with and without climate action plans, asks if either plans or entrepreneurs have been successful in reducing CO2 emissions, and identifies the elements within plans that are associated with the greatest reductions.

Methods: The analysis uses multiple regression models to explain changes in per capita CO2 emissions attributable to residen-tial, commercial, transportation, and total nonindustrial end users from 1990 to 2007. A package of control variables accounts for political, social, climatic, economic, and urban form factors, while policy variables isolate the effects of climate policy entrepre-neurs, climate action planners, and specific policy recommendations within climate action plans.

Results and conclusions: State-level climate actions reduce GHG emissions by a measurable but modest amount: about one half metric ton per person per year. This represents 2–3% of the average American's 24-ton annual total GHG emissions. The reduction is small in comparison to the magnitude of the problem, but a substantial tax increase or population shift away from sprawling areas would be necessary to achieve the same reduction. specific policies I find to be associated with lower emissions include: building efficiency in both residential and commercial sectors, Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) policies in the commercial sector, and California's vehicle efficiency standards in the transportation sector.

Takeaway for practice: It is encouraging that we can already identify emission reduc-tions related to state climate action. However, the observed reductions remain small com-pared to the scope of the problem. These findings should persuade states without plans to begin the planning process while encourag-ing states with plans to encourage more entrepreneurship aimed at developing a second generation of policy options for stabilizing our planet's climate with or without federal action.

Research support: None.     

全球城市区域中的小城镇发展特征与趋势研究——以长江三角洲为例

基于全球城市区域的视角构建长江三角洲地区小城镇发展演化的理论逻辑,认为全球化生产网络的构建、高快速交通网络的完善、高品质集约发展的诉求以及社会消费需求的升级等全球城市区域的发展特征是推动区域内小城镇加速差异化发展的主要外部因素。四方面外部因素与小城镇自身资源禀赋的结合使得长江三角洲当前小城镇的发展加速呈现为三种类型:都市一体化型、区域增长极型、公共服务中心型。区域内非都市一体化类型的小城镇,进一步发展将主要表现为三种趋势:成长为拥有综合功能的小城市;发展为兼具特色和活力的旅游服务型聚落;成为承担广大农村地域服务职能的公共设施中心。     

王澍：普利茨克奖的“尾声”

王澍获得了2012年度的普利茨克奖,该奖发源于美国。是业界公认的、颁给当代建筑师的最高奖项。但当一位建筑师获得这一荣誉之后,会发生什么事情呢？本文通过对以往这一桂冠的获得者的后续发展、世界范围内的地标建筑及“明星建筑师”现象的考察,来推测这位来自中国杭州的建筑师王澍日后的发展轨迹。这篇文章建立在一篇访谈的基础上,指出王澍的作品不管是在全球范围内,还是在中国本土,都将对当代建筑产生有意义的冲击。     

变截面格构柱的整体稳定分析

变截面格构柱在工程中有广泛应用,基于能量等效准则,得到变截面格构柱的等效抗弯和抗剪刚度,进一步分析得到变截面悬臂格构柱的整体稳定方程。通过一系列数值求解,并与有限元的计算结果对比表明,所述方法具有较高的精度和较好的适应性,并且所有结果都偏于安全,对同类结构设计和校核具有一定的指导作用。     

带悬臂支架半圆形波纹钢管的承载力

波纹钢综合管廊属于新型地下结构,为探讨其中悬臂支架对半圆形波纹钢管承载力的影响,采用有限元方法进行承载力分析,研究了支架位置、荷载形式等参数的影响。分析结果表明,在支架荷载单独作用下,破坏模式为支架连接处的管壁发生弯曲破坏,屈服弯矩取决于支架连接波数和单波受弯能力;在环向压力单独作用下,破坏模式为平面内整体失稳,极限荷载与支架位置无关;在支架荷载和环向压力共同作用下,破坏模式仍为平面内整体失稳,支架荷载和环向压力的相关关系可偏安全地简化为直线。依据分析结果,给出了支架荷载允许值以及波纹钢管稳定承载力的计算方法,可供波纹钢综合管廊设计参考。     

现代大跨度空间钢结构施工技术

详细介绍了大跨度钢结构施工技术的研究与应用。重点探讨了滑移施工技术、非对称整体提升技术、特殊焊接技术等方面的问题 ,并以具体工程实例加以说明。     

Smooth penalty function method for rigorous optimization of distillation processes

Integer decisions on stage numbers and feed locations, and global optimality are still challenging for rigorous optimization of distillation processes. In the present article, we propose a smooth penalty function method to address both these problems. The proposed method is based on the relaxation of the integer decision problem into continuous nonlinear programming (NLP) problem by adopting the bypass efficiency model developed by Dowling and Biegler. A smooth penalty term (SPT) is proposed and added to the total annual cost (TAC) function to form a new objective function, namely, the smooth penalty function. Using the new objective function, the problem is initially solved with negative weight coefficients for the SPTs regarding each column section to get an optimum near the global optimum of the SPT. Then, starting from this solution, the problem is solved again iteratively by increasing the values of the weight coefficients until all the stage numbers become integers. The performance of the method is validated by an illustrating problem and in three case studies, including a reactive distillation optimization problem.     

设计空间差别处理优化方法及其在汽车轻量化设计中的应用

提出了一种设计空间差别处理方法,改进了传统的设计空间移除方法会移除全局最优的弱点。首先应用昂贵点构建一个逐渐缩小的重点空间,同时将在设计空间移除方法中被删除的空间定义为其他空间,然后每次迭代都应用二阶多项式响应面（QF）同时搜索这两类空间,并分别从中选取数目不同的新的昂贵点参与QF的更新和重建。该方法采用在其他空间中选择少量新的昂贵点来代替移除空间,有效地避免了局部最优的陷阱。多个标准函数算例的验证表明,新的方法具有较高的精度和效率。将该方法应用于某款车的后车架轻量化设计中,经过优化,后车架系统的质量减小了7.67kg,即整个系统质量减小了10.4%,且其刚度性能得到提高。与以前提出的混合自适应元模型方法相比,新方法的精度和效率都有显著提高。     

Global optimality properties of total annualized and operating cost problems for compressor sequences

The minimum total annualized cost problem for a series of nonisentropic compressors and coolers that brings a gas with constant compressibility factor from a specified initial pressure and temperature to a specified final pressure and the same temperature is studied in this work. It is established analytically that at the global optimum, the cooler outlet temperatures are equal to the minimum allowable temperature. For constant heat capacity, constant compressibility factor gases, additional properties of the globally optimal compressor sequence are analytically established for the minimum operating cost case. The aforementioned properties permit development of a solution strategy that identifies the globally minimum operating cost. Several case studies are presented to illustrate the developed theorems and solution strategies. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J 60: 4134–4149, 2014